01_Being

01_Advertising

03_Relevance

04_Unrelevance

05_Nudging

06_Targeting

07_Selling_At

08_AI_Delivery

09_Choice

10_Governing

↪ Visit the original project on @democratize_algo_relevance via Instagram on a smartphone for the full interactive experience.

Democratize Algorithmic Relevance

How does Artificial Intelligence influence our free choice of profession and support gender inequality? — This phone screen documentary investigates, in 10 chapters, how the distribution of job advertisements via algorithmic determined ad-delivery reconstitutes power relations.


"By creating machines that are flawed with the policies of capitalist companies we’re locking ourselves in the present, trapping us in a cycle of our own biases."

Background

"Democratize Algorithmic Relevance" is a project by @_jennykonrad and part of Who Speaks? –– a 2020 educational project on #artificialintelligence, #language, and #democracy launched by the @nonlinearnarrative Master’s programme at the @royalacademyofart.thehague, @goldsmithsuol (University of #london) and @unioftheartslondon (CCV Camberwell College of Arts) in collaboration with the Analysis and Research Department (DAO) of the Dutch Parliament.

Related Articles in the Dutch Constitution

Article 1:

All persons in the Netherlands shall be treated equally in equal circumstances. Discrimination on the grounds of religion, belief, political opinion, race or sex or on any other grounds whatsoever shall not be permitted. Allen die zich in Nederland bevinden, worden in gelijke gevallen gelijk behandeld. Discriminatie wegens godsdienst, levensovertuiging, politieke gezindheid, ras, geslacht of op welke grond dan ook, is niet toegestaan.


Article 19:

3) The right of every Dutch national to a free choice of work shall be recognised, without prejudice to the restrictions laid down by or pursuant to Act of Parliament. 3) Het recht van iedere Nederlander op vrije keuze van arbeid wordt erkend, behoudens de beperkingen bij of krachtens de wet gesteld.

Bibliography

Muhammad Ali et al., ‘Discrimination Through Optimization: How Facebook’s Ad Delivery Can Lead to Skewed Outcomes’, arXiv, 12 September 2019

Sophie Dyer and Gabriela Ivens, ‘What Would a Feminist Open Source Investigation Look Like?’, Digital War, 14 April 2020

Danielle Gaucher and Justin Friesen, ‘Evidence That Gendered Wording in Job Advertisements Exists and Sustains Gender Inequality’, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2011

Wieteke Graven and Mekala Krishnan, ‘The Power of Parity: Advancing Gender Equality in the Dutch Labor Market’, McKinsey Global Institute, 11 September 2018

Julien Lauret, ‘Amazon’s Sexist AI Recruiting Tool: How Did It Go So Wrong?’, Becoming Human, 16 August 2019

Dan McQuillan, ‘Hannah Arendt and Algorithmic Thoughtlessness’, 29 June 2015

Ninareh Mehrabi et al., ‘A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning’, arXiv, 17 September 2019

Jonnie Penn, ‘AI Thinks Like a Corporation – and That’s Worrying’, The Economist, 26 November 2018

Janneke Plantenga and Chantal Remery, ‘The Policy on Gender Equality in the Netherlands’, European Parliament, 2015

Frederik J. Zuiderveen Borgesius et al., ‘Online Political Microtargeting: Promises and Threats for Democracy’, Utrecht Law Review, 2018

Chapter References

01_ On Being Somebody

Instagram (n.d.)., personally received Instagram advertisements ©2020 Facebook. Retrieved Spring – Summer 2020. Screenrecording by author.

02_ On Advertising

Google Search (n.d.)., search result data ©2020 Google. Retrieved July 2020. Screenrecording by author.

Instagram (n.d.)., personally received Instagram advertisements ©2020 Facebook. Retrieved Spring – Summer 2020. Screenrecording by author.

Instagram for Business (n.d.)., "About Instagram Ads" ©2020 Instagram, accessed in July 2020

Facebook for Business, "About Ad Relevance Diagnostics" ©2020 Facebook, accessed in July 2020

03_ On Relevance

Jeppe Nicolaisen, "The problem of probability: an examination and refutation of Hjørland’s relevance equation", 1 March 2017, accessed in July 2020

04_ On Not Being Relevant

Instagram (n.d.)., personally received Instagram advertisements ©2020 Facebook. Retrieved Spring – Summer 2020. Screenrecording by author.

05_ On Nudging

Google Search (n.d.)., search result data ©2020 Google. Retrieved July 2020. Screenrecording by author.

Simon, Carsta & Tagliabue, Marco, "Feeding the behavioral revolution: Contributions of behavior analysis to nudging and vice versa.", Journal of Behavioral Economics for Policy. 2. 91-97, 2018

Walt Hickey, "The Workplace Is Even More Sexist In Movies Than In Reality", 10 March 2015, accessed in July 2020

Roy de Souza, "A Short History of Targeted Advertising", 27 May 2015, accessed in July 2020

Facebook for Business, "reaching the right people" ©2020 Facebook, accessed in July 2020

Facebook for Business, "reaching the right people" ©2020 Facebook, accessed in July 2020

Facebook for Business, "return on investment" ©2020 Facebook, accessed in July 2020

Henriette Prast, "The Myth of Gender Equality in the Netherlands", Tilburg University, 16 July 2019, accessed in July 2020

06_ On Targeting

Facebook for Business, "automized algorithmic estimation" ©2020 Facebook, accessed in July 2020

Bekah Wheeler, "All of Facebook’s Ad Targeting Options (in One Epic Infographic)", (n.d.), accessed in July 2020

07_ On Selling Attention

Muhammad Ali et al., "Discrimination Through Optimization: How Facebook’s Ad Delivery Can Lead to Skewed Outcomes", arXiv, 12 September 2019

Instagram (n.d.)., personally received Instagram advertisements ©2020 Facebook. Retrieved Spring – Summer 2020. Screenrecording by author.

Facebook for Business, "About Ad Auctions" ©2020 Facebook, accessed in July 2020

Instagram for Business (n.d.)., "it tracks the people" ©2020 Instagram, accessed in July 2020

Facebook for Business, "About Ad Auctions" ©2020 Facebook, accessed in July 2020

Olivia Solon, "'This oversteps a boundary': teenagers perturbed by Facebook surveillance", The Guardian, 2 May 2017, accessed in July 2020

Google Maps (n.d.)., Map data ©2020 Google. Retrieved July 2020. Screenrecording by author.

Instagram (n.d.)., personally received Instagram advertisements ©2020 Facebook. Retrieved Spring – Summer 2020. Screenrecording by author.

Cycles (n.d.)., App data ©2020 Cycles. Retrieved July 2020. Screenshot by author.

Dina Fine Maron, "Science Career Ads Are Disproportionately Seen by Men", scientificamerican.com, 25 July 2018, accessed in July 2020

08_ On Algorithmic Delivery

Muhammad Ali et al., "Discrimination Through Optimization: How Facebook’s Ad Delivery Can Lead to Skewed Outcomes", arXiv, 12 September 2019

Isobel Asher Hamilton, "Facebook’s ad targeting discriminates by race and gender, even when it’s not told to, study suggests", arXiv, 4 April 2019, accessed in July 2020

Piotr Dollar, "Segmenting and refining images with SharpMask", Facebook Engeneering, 25 August 2016, accessed in July 2020

Instagram (n.d.)., personally received broken feed ©2020 Facebook. Retrieved July 2020. Screenshots taken and manipulated by author.

09_ On Having A Choice

Facebook (n.d.)., interests page of personal Facebook profile ©2020 Facebook. Retrieved July 2020. Screenrecording by author.

Facebook (n.d.)., personal Facebook Ads Manager ©2020 Facebook. Retrieved July 2020. Screenrecording by author.

10_ On Governing Algorithms

Dina Fine Maron, "Science Career Ads Are Disproportionately Seen by Men", scientificamerican.com, 25 July 2018, accessed in July 2020